The Spanish Armada: When Philip II Tried to Invade England and Failed
In 1588, European history witnessed one of the most dramatic and tragic episodes of the House of Habsburg: Philip II's attempt to invade England with his famous Spanish Armada. This display of naval power, which promised glory and the expansion of the Spanish Empire, became a symbol of ruin and failure. From the grandeur of the fleet to its devastating defeat, the echoes of this conflict still resonate in history. What led Philip II to take such a risk? What was the cost of his ambition? Let us find out.
The Political Context: A Struggle for Power
The 16th century was a time of intense rivalry among European powers, and the Spanish Armada was the result of a long series of tensions. Philip II, King of Spain since 1556 and heir to the House of Habsburg, saw England as a bastion of heresy and disobedience under the reign of Elizabeth I. The queen, in turn, had supported English pirates, known as "privateers," who attacked Spanish ships and their possessions in the New World. This religious and political conflict spiraled into a cycle of hatred and distrust, shaping the climate of the era.
The Grandeur of the Spanish Armada
In 1586, Philip II decided it was time to act. With a fleet composed of more than 130 ships and around 30,000 men, the Spanish Armada prepared for invasion. Contemporary chroniclers referred to the fleet as "invincible," a term that evoked not only military power but also faith in the divine mission of the Spanish Crown. The fleet was equipped with the latest advancements in naval technology, and its goal was clear: to overthrow Elizabeth I and restore Catholicism in England.
The Spanish Armada set sail from Lisbon...