The Hidden History of the Spanish Armada: When Philip II Tried to Invade England and Failed
In the year 1588, the history of Europe was shaken by one of the most dramatic and emblematic episodes of conflict between nations: the failed invasion of England by the Spanish Armada, a vast naval fleet ordered by the Spanish king Philip II. This episode, which turned into a mix of grandeur and decline, is a clear reflection of power at its highs and lows, as well as the political intrigues that marked the era of the House of Habsburg.
The Context: The Grandeur of Philip II
The story of the Spanish Armada begins in an era when Spain, under the reign of Philip II, was considered the world's foremost power. With the conquest of vast territories in the Americas and an empire that spanned the globe, Philip II presented himself as the defender of Catholicism in Europe. His ambition to unify nations under this banner led him to contemplate the invasion of England, ruled by the Protestant Elizabeth I, who had challenged his religious and political authority.
Contemporary chroniclers such as the historian Antonio Pérez, who served as Philip II’s secretary, documented how the king viewed England not only as a military target but as a stronghold of Protestantism that needed to be overthrown to restore the Catholic faith. The planning of the Spanish Armada thus became a symbol of his desire to expand his influence.
The Deployment of the Spanish Armada
With more than 130 ships and around 30,000 men, the Spanish Armada set sail from the port of Lisbon in May 1588. This impressive naval fleet was undoubtedly considered the most formidable of its time. However, the grandeur of the Armada...